‘‘For QOL, no generally agreed-upon referents exist’’
(Meeberg, 1993, p. 36). Hacker (2003) argues
that ‘‘there is a lack of a gold standard for measuring
QOL’’ (p. 613). Attempts are made to measure QOL
in research as well as in clinical practice. If individuals
are satisfied, happy and healthy within physical,
psychological, and social contexts, they probably
have a high level of QOL.