Serum creatinine was improved in the study group together with urine volume increases as compared with the control group, consistent with safflower yellow acting to improve renal blood flow and perfusion while conferring no injury to renal function. Safflower yellow had no effects on liver function, and after treatment there were no statistically significant differences in bilirubin levels between groups, demonstrating safflower yellow has no hepatotoxicity (Table 3). Employment of safflower yellow thus appears to be safe and effective in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock.