2. Research approach
In the study, the action research process comprised six stages (Figure 1). The approach was
extended from the four-stage action research process presented by Zuber-Skerritt (1996, 3). The
Zuber-Skerritt process consists of (1) strategic planning; (2) action (implementing the plan);
(3) observation, evaluation, and self-evaluation; and (4) reflection on the results of items 1–3 and
making decisions for the next cycle of action research. The cyclic action research process presented
in Figure 1 has also similarities to the five-stage action research process of Smith (2010), which
includes planning, collecting data, analysing the data, data reflection, and action. In describing