tGlycopeptides and several lantibiotics are lipid II-targeting antibiotics produced by actinomycetes. Toprotect themselves from their own product, antibiotic producers developed self-resistance mechanisms.Inspection of different producer strains revealed that their resistance is not only based on a singledeterminant but on the synergistic action of different factors.Glycopeptide producers possess different ways to synthesize a modified peptidoglycan to preventthe binding of the glycopeptide antibiotic. One possible modification is the synthesis of peptidoglycanprecursors terminating with a d-alanyl–d-lactate (d-Ala–d-Lac) rather than with a d-alanyl–d-alanine(d-Ala–d-Ala) resulting in a 1000-fold decreased binding affinity of the glycopeptide to its target. Thereprogramming of the peptidoglycan precursor biosynthesis is based on the action of VanHAX or par-alogous enzymes as it was shown for Amycolatopsis balhimycina. A second peptidoglycan modificationresulting in glycopeptide resistance was investigated in the glycopeptide A40926 producer Nonomu-raea ATCC 39727. Nonomuraea eliminates the glycopeptide target by synthesizing a peptidoglycan with3–3 cross-linked peptide stems. The carboxypeptidase VanYnprovides tetrapeptides which serve assubstrates for the l,d-transpeptidase catalyzing the formation of 3–3 cross-links. The occurrence of3–3 cross-linked dimers is also an important feature of the lantibiotic NAI-107 producer MicrobisporaATCC PTA-5024. Moreover, the d-Ala in the fourth position in the acceptor peptide of muropeptides isexchanged to glycine or serine in Microbispora, a side reaction of the l,d-transpeptidase. Together with thelipoprotein MlbQ, the ABC transporter MlbYZ and the transmembrane protein MlbJ it might contributeto the self-resistance in Microbispora ATCC PTA-5024.