learning and their academic achievement. There were 104 senior college students participated in this study. Based on
ANOVA analysis, the result showed that: (a) all of the three approaches could enhance learners’ performance on academic
achievement, however, there were no significant difference between them; (b) students in AR approach outperformed the
other two instructional design on moon phases concept learning; (c) students in 3D and AR approach demonstrate higher
motivation and concentrate their attention on the learning tasks. This study provided insights for better understanding the
design, theory and practice of e-learning through augmented reality technology.