the importance of KM by articulation, especially by translation and storytelling, is explained in COP theory by its emphasis on reification and on learning. In the process of articulation, ideas and directions for activities are put into words, given persuasive expression, and opened to creative discussion. These aspects of interaction can lead to a redoubled growth of the stock of knowledge as well as broader application and critical contextualization. This sort of communication work is widely recognized (e.g., by Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995) as a vital managerial skill, but becomes integral to the knowledge processes of COPs. A final communication form vital to knowledge cultivation is collaboration. As managers work together with other employees, their management skills become situated within the repertoire of the community, allowing the manager to contribute to knowledge growth in sensitive and appropriate ways. "Management" of knowledge processes works best from within the community, by members aware of its norms and resources. Knowledge managers must achieve dual loyalty, to the community and to their organization.