Review of professional standards and guidelines
Professional organizations such as the American Association of Critical Care Nurses (AACN) [3] and the American Nurses
Association (ANA) [4] recognize the significance of the ICU nurse’s need for knowledge and skill when providing
end-of-life care and accordingly have published protocols and position statements to help guide nurses in expanding their
role in end-of-life care. In 2000, a national education initiative, administered by the American Association of Colleges of
Nursing (AACN) was created to improve palliative care. This initiative, called the End-of-Life Nursing Education
Consortium (ELNEC), focuses on training nurses in palliative care so they can “teach this essential information to nursing
students and practicing nurses” [5]. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing in their 2008 “Essentials of
Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice” identified the need for education addressing end-of-life issues
such as “symptom management, support of rituals, and respect for patient and family preferences” [6]. The National
Consensus Project published “Clinical Practice Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care” in 2009 to provide an “educational
framework and blueprint for the structure and provision of palliative care” [7]. These guidelines may be implemented in an
ICU setting regardless of whether a formal palliative care team is in place. The Center to Advance Palliative Care (CAPC)
initiated the Improving Palliative Care in the ICU (IPAL-ICU) to promote excellent end-of-life care in the ICU setting and
offers conferences as well as extensive on-line resources for health care providers. The Robert Woods Johnson Foundation
(RWJF) in 2003 supported the RWJF Critical Care End-of-Life Peer Workgroup that identified “Seven End-of-Life Care
Domains Associated with Quality Indicators and Related Clinician and Organizational Interventions/Behaviors [8]. These
seven domains recommend interventions or behaviors that are aimed at improving the quality of end-of-life care in the
ICU setting
Review of professional standards and guidelinesProfessional organizations such as the American Association of Critical Care Nurses (AACN) [3] and the American NursesAssociation (ANA) [4] recognize the significance of the ICU nurse’s need for knowledge and skill when providingend-of-life care and accordingly have published protocols and position statements to help guide nurses in expanding theirrole in end-of-life care. In 2000, a national education initiative, administered by the American Association of Colleges ofNursing (AACN) was created to improve palliative care. This initiative, called the End-of-Life Nursing EducationConsortium (ELNEC), focuses on training nurses in palliative care so they can “teach this essential information to nursingstudents and practicing nurses” [5]. The American Association of Colleges of Nursing in their 2008 “Essentials ofBaccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice” identified the need for education addressing end-of-life issuessuch as “symptom management, support of rituals, and respect for patient and family preferences” [6]. The NationalConsensus Project published “Clinical Practice Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care” in 2009 to provide an “educationalframework and blueprint for the structure and provision of palliative care” [7]. These guidelines may be implemented in anICU setting regardless of whether a formal palliative care team is in place. The Center to Advance Palliative Care (CAPC)initiated the Improving Palliative Care in the ICU (IPAL-ICU) to promote excellent end-of-life care in the ICU setting andoffers conferences as well as extensive on-line resources for health care providers. The Robert Woods Johnson Foundation(RWJF) in 2003 supported the RWJF Critical Care End-of-Life Peer Workgroup that identified “Seven End-of-Life CareDomains Associated with Quality Indicators and Related Clinician and Organizational Interventions/Behaviors [8]. Theseseven domains recommend interventions or behaviors that are aimed at improving the quality of end-of-life care in theICU setting
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