Aluminum alloy 3003 series and H13 tool steel were chosen as the billet and tool materials, respectively. To
analyze metal flow, temperature, wear and deformation behavior during the extrusion process, the billet was
modeled as a plastic material whereas; the other tooling components were defined as rigid objects during
deformation. To control the element number and ensure calculation accuracy; especially in the concerned areas (i.e.,
mandrel and die plate) several local mesh windows with a higher element density and finer elements were applied
(Figure 7).