However, the error-correction model has largely fallen out of favor with compositionists, particularly since the publication of Mina Shaughnessy’s Errors and Expectations in 1977, which argued that many intrusive practices of correction were typically based upon subjective judgments and often futile interventions in longstanding behaviour patterns. Research showed that even expert teachers disagreed about the precise loca- tion, relative severity, and actual category of individual errors, even though they might all agree that Standard Written English should be the academic idiom of choice. Instead of focusing on error correction, specialists in rhetoric and composition turned their disciplinary attentions to recognizing multiple literacies and validating a wider range of identity positions in activities of authorship. Many also became critical of dominant ideologies about language that reinforced existing and often unjust power structures, which excluded certain social actors from participation in communicative exchanges.