· the subsidies are paid for by the government. It will therefore tend to increase the
budget deficit or induce increased government borrowing, which will have a
negative impact on inflation and nominal interest rates. (This effect is directly
related with the impact of the program, i.e. the total amount of subsidies.) As the
main reason for their initiation is high nominal interest rates, this effect is
counterproductive. To hide this effect the government may decide to move it off
budget by making an agency provide the subsidy, however the long-run effect is the
same e.g. Romania where the task was passed on to the National Bank of Romania
(see discussion below).