The biorefinery water requirement is 0.21 L MJ 1 (5 L L 1).
The AP uses 0.51 L of water per MJ of ethanol (12 L per L of ethanol) (Fig. 4).
The AP uses 37% more water relative to gasoline.
The ancillary chemical group is the largest water user at 0.30 L MJ 1 (7.0 L L 1 ).
As in the EP process, much of the water use in the AP process is driven by the production of sodium hydroxide and sulfuric acid.