Writing from a perspective largely sympathetic to the discourse model of democracy, Claus Offe recently has echoed Elster’s question with a call for concrete thinking on “associative designs”: “Not only the procedures of an open, fair, and argumentative will- and decision-formation that are laid down by constitutions and not only the capacity for postconventional moral judgment-formation that is constituted in socialization processes, but also the socio-structural and institutional conditions of collective action within civil society—its pattern of the division of labor and its ‘associative design’ must ‘meet halfway’ the formation of certain moral capacities.” For Offe, unlike for Elster, these “associative designs” have their proper place not primarily at the legal-constitutional level but rather in the associative realm of civil society, of which the public sphere is a central domain.