Mitochondria perform diverse yet interconnected functions, producing ATP and many biosynthetic
intermediates while also contributing to cellular stress responses such as autophagy and
apoptosis. Mitochondria form a dynamic, interconnected network that is intimately integrated
with other cellular compartments. In addition, mitochondrial functions extend beyond the boundaries
of the cell and influence an organism’s physiology by regulating communication between cells
and tissues. It is therefore not surprising that mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a key
factor in a myriad of diseases, including neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders. We provide
a current view of how mitochondrial functions impinge on health and disease.