3. Vitamin D and Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAA) maintains vascular resistance, due to angiotensin II synthesis, and extracellular fluid volume homeostasis, considering the release of aldosterone [19]. Studies by different groups, in both animals and humans, demonstrated that vitamin D decreases RAA activity [20], suppressing renin gene expression [12].Vitamin D regulates the genes involved in renin production,
through a cis-DNAelement in the renin gene promoter [1, 21],downregulating the RAA system.