A demonstration is the most common method used
by coaches to convey information to the learner. The
assumption is that a demonstration is essential to
inform the learner as to how best to practise the skill.
Although demonstrations may be effective most of
the time, important questions remain, such as who
should provide the demonstration, what information
should be presented and whether verbal instruction
or augmented feedback may be just as, or even more,
effective (see Hodges & Franks, 2004a).
In the motor learning literature, the role and
effectiveness of demonstrations have been examined
under the heading of observational learning (for
detailed reviews, see Horn & Williams, 2004;
McCullagh & Weiss, 2001). Traditionally, researchers
have examined how the information presented in
a demonstration is used to encourage learning (i.e.
the cognitive processes involved in learning from
observation). A more recent trend has been to
examine what information is perceived and used to
guide performance and encourage learning (see
Scully & Newell, 1985). Although these questions
are underpinned by different theoretical backdrops,
the two lines of research have yielded complementary
rather than contradictory evidence, which has helped
to elucidate the conditions of practice that best
promote observational learning
A demonstration is the most common method usedby coaches to convey information to the learner. Theassumption is that a demonstration is essential toinform the learner as to how best to practise the skill.Although demonstrations may be effective most ofthe time, important questions remain, such as whoshould provide the demonstration, what informationshould be presented and whether verbal instructionor augmented feedback may be just as, or even more,effective (see Hodges & Franks, 2004a).In the motor learning literature, the role andeffectiveness of demonstrations have been examinedunder the heading of observational learning (fordetailed reviews, see Horn & Williams, 2004;McCullagh & Weiss, 2001). Traditionally, researchershave examined how the information presented ina demonstration is used to encourage learning (i.e.the cognitive processes involved in learning fromobservation). A more recent trend has been toexamine what information is perceived and used toguide performance and encourage learning (seeScully & Newell, 1985). Although these questionsare underpinned by different theoretical backdrops,the two lines of research have yielded complementaryrather than contradictory evidence, which has helpedto elucidate the conditions of practice that bestpromote observational learning
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