2.2. Surface modification
To coat a TiO2 shell, the FTO nanoparticulate electrodes were processed with TiCl4 treatment by immersing the FTO anodes in 45 mM TiCl4 aqueous solution in a sealed watch glass and kept at 80 C for 30 minutes, later rinsing with water and placing the electrodes in an oven at 50 C until being completely dried. This process should be repeated twice according to our previous report
[4]. To prepare co-surface treatment samples, after TiO2 coating, the electrodes should be hydroxylated by dropping 10 ml deionized water untill they dried, then dipping the electrodes in a solution of suitable precursor as 0.05 M solution of aluminum isopropoxide in dry ethanol followed by rinsing with ethanol and sintering at 550 C for 30 min, The thickness of the barrier layer was controlled precisely by the deposition cycle 1, 2 and 3 represented as F-T-xA (x = 1, 2, 3).
2.2. Surface modificationTo coat a TiO2 shell, the FTO nanoparticulate electrodes were processed with TiCl4 treatment by immersing the FTO anodes in 45 mM TiCl4 aqueous solution in a sealed watch glass and kept at 80 C for 30 minutes, later rinsing with water and placing the electrodes in an oven at 50 C until being completely dried. This process should be repeated twice according to our previous report[4]. To prepare co-surface treatment samples, after TiO2 coating, the electrodes should be hydroxylated by dropping 10 ml deionized water untill they dried, then dipping the electrodes in a solution of suitable precursor as 0.05 M solution of aluminum isopropoxide in dry ethanol followed by rinsing with ethanol and sintering at 550 C for 30 min, The thickness of the barrier layer was controlled precisely by the deposition cycle 1, 2 and 3 represented as F-T-xA (x = 1, 2, 3).
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