Boyd et al. (2001) extend portions of this argument when they propose a dis- tinction between the formal and real subsumption of nature. Doing this highlights the distinct ways that biological systems are industrialized and often made to operate as productive forces in and of themselves. Formal and real subsumption allow for analytic distinctions to be made between biologically based(e.g. cultiva- tion) and nonbiologically based(e.g. extractive) industries. Under real subsumption, capital circulates through nature(albeit unevenly) as opposed to around it, as in the case of formal subsumption. This move allows for a more forceful argument to be made about the social agency of capital itself, as having the power to literally transform nature into its own image.