1. Introduction
Currently lots of efforts are put on research and technical devel-opment related to improving energy efficiency, increasing the shareof renewable energy, and improving of districts’ energy systems.Most of the required technologies exist already, there are experi-ences about integrating them together, and they have been alsopiloted in several case areas. However, the wide-scale roll-out ofmore sustainable district level energy systems is yet to come. Forthis development, business models play a key role in the wide-scale implementation of new sustainable neighbourhood energysystems.