13. Viet Nam has a 3,200-kilometer (km) coastline. Its coastal waters are home to 11,000 different known species, which are supported by undersea currents that meet off the coast to form nutrient-rich upwellings. Fish and shellfish make up a large part of the protein in the diet of the Vietnamese people, and fisheries contribute directly to livelihoods. However, overfishing is a growing problem. In response, the government has already shortlisted 16 marine protected areas and established 4 of these; however, enforcement of fishing regulations is often weak. The freshwater ecosystems are extensive and not well understood. With extensive hydropower and irrigation reservoir development throughout Viet Nam, including some small basins with hundreds of dams, freshwater biodiversity is in decline without monitoring and management programs in place or even complete knowledge of what is being lost.