Over the last decade, outdoor-lining ponds have become
an alternative aquaculture system instead of earthen ponds
because of the low risk of water leakage and ease of
cleaning after each crop. However, the accumulation of
nitrogenous waste, especially nitrite which is commonly
found in outdoor-lining ponds can directly harm aquatic
animals and this is claimed to be a drawback of this
lining pond system. To solve this problem, several techniques
have been applied, for example, nitrogen uptake
by phytoplankton (Chuntapa et al., 2003; Hargreaves,
2006; Lertsutthiwong et al., 2009) has been applied for
nitrogen removal in aquaculture systems but planktonic
algae cells are difficult to remove from aquaculture systems
by conventional gravity or filtration. Consequently, the
high density of algae in the pond also depletes dissolved
oxygen in the pond at night time. Hence, the most common
technique for nitrogenous waste removal is water exchange
but it leads not only to an increase in production costs and
the risk of pathogen outbreak but also to water discharge
polluting the water resources. Among several techniques