Low-achieving adolescents may not be able to attain success via conventional means because they often come from families
with low socioeconomic backgrounds. By playing violent games, these boys maycome to believe that aggression is an effective
way of solving conflicts and getting what youwant in life. These boys may take their ideals of what ‘real men’ are like from the
violent video games they play, and through wishful identification, may use these ideals to further develop their male identities
and guide their own behavior (Epstein, Kehily, Mac an Ghaill, & Redman, 2001; Greenberg et al.,1986; Phoenix & Frosh, 2001).
ability may be especially at risk for violent video game effects.