The study on the original RPA questionnaire also revealed significant associations between the RPA subscales and criterion measures of depression, hypomania, mania vulnerability, and the two RRS/RSQ subscales of brooding and reflection (convergent validity). First, the results revealed that higher scores on dampening were significantly associated with greater depressive rumination (both brooding and reflection subscales), but no current symptoms of mania (although there was a significant association with vulnerability to mania). Second, higher scores on emotion-focused rumination were associated with higher levels of depressive rumination (i.e. brooding and reflection), vulnerability to mania, as well as current manic symptoms. Third, higher scores on self-focused rumination were associated with lower current