Eggs are deposited directly in flour, other food material, or attached to the surface of the container. They are white
or colorless and covered by a sticky material to which flour can adhere. Eggs hatch in 3-5 days at 32-35˚C (89.6-95˚F).
Larvae burrow into kernels of grain but may leave their burrows in search of more favorable food. There at 5-11 larval
instars (7-8 is usual), the variation a result of environment,food, temperature, humidity, or the individual insect. Larvae
are fairly active but generally hide within the food, away from light. Pupae are naked, without protection of any form. Development time from egg to adult varies with conditions, however, the average is 26 days at 32-35˚C (89.6-95˚F) and >70% Rh. The minimum, maximum, and optimum temperatures for development of the confused flour beetle are all about 2.5˚C lower than the red flour beetle. Limits of development are imposed mostly by larval mortality, esp. among early instars.
The minimum temperature for development is between 20-22˚C (69-71.6˚F), the maximum 37.5-40˚C (99.5-104˚F) when
the relative humidity is either low (10-30%) or high (90%). Flour beetles can survive in grain with moisture contents as
low as 8%. Average fecundity is 400-500 eggs per female,with peak oviposition occurring during the first week. Adults
may live longer than 3 years, and females may lay eggs for more than a year. Adults of both species have well developed wings, but only the red flour beetle has been observed to fly, and it is not a strong flyer. When agitated or crowded, they may secrete chemicals called quinines. These chemicals can cause the infested feed to turn pink and have a pungent odor. Confused flour beetles have been reported to prefer, and aggregate in flour exposed to quinines, whereas quinines repel red flour beetles.
Eggs are deposited directly in flour, other food material, or attached to the surface of the container. They are white
or colorless and covered by a sticky material to which flour can adhere. Eggs hatch in 3-5 days at 32-35˚C (89.6-95˚F).
Larvae burrow into kernels of grain but may leave their burrows in search of more favorable food. There at 5-11 larval
instars (7-8 is usual), the variation a result of environment,food, temperature, humidity, or the individual insect. Larvae
are fairly active but generally hide within the food, away from light. Pupae are naked, without protection of any form. Development time from egg to adult varies with conditions, however, the average is 26 days at 32-35˚C (89.6-95˚F) and >70% Rh. The minimum, maximum, and optimum temperatures for development of the confused flour beetle are all about 2.5˚C lower than the red flour beetle. Limits of development are imposed mostly by larval mortality, esp. among early instars.
The minimum temperature for development is between 20-22˚C (69-71.6˚F), the maximum 37.5-40˚C (99.5-104˚F) when
the relative humidity is either low (10-30%) or high (90%). Flour beetles can survive in grain with moisture contents as
low as 8%. Average fecundity is 400-500 eggs per female,with peak oviposition occurring during the first week. Adults
may live longer than 3 years, and females may lay eggs for more than a year. Adults of both species have well developed wings, but only the red flour beetle has been observed to fly, and it is not a strong flyer. When agitated or crowded, they may secrete chemicals called quinines. These chemicals can cause the infested feed to turn pink and have a pungent odor. Confused flour beetles have been reported to prefer, and aggregate in flour exposed to quinines, whereas quinines repel red flour beetles.
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