Suspended solids are the source of most of the water quality issues, as they have an important impact on the performance of nearly all of the other RAS components as shown by the presentstudy; therefore, their management is fundamental for the systems good performance as stated already by Han et al. (1996). A biofilter is affected directly if suspended solids are not removed efficiently from the treatment loop (e.g. Jokumsen and Svendsen, 2010); it
becomes clogged, decreasing its specific surface area (SSA)1 and, thus, the quantity and the viability of nitrifying bacteria. Moreover, as the solids concentration increases within the system, water parameters are modified and these changes are the causes of stress in both cultured fish and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (Malone and Pfeiffer, 2006; Emparanza, 2009), hampering their performance due to their susceptibility to changeable situations (Singh et al.,
1999). At the same time, inadequate solids removal creates a competition between both heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria (Satoh et al., 2000; Zhu and Chen, 2001; Leonard et al., 2002; Ling and Chen, 2005; Michaud et al., 2006), increasing ammonia levels in the water amongst other things. Apart from the biofilter, other equipment, such as ozone devices and pumps, are also influenced. Ozonation becomes less efficient as the solids concentration increases (e.g. when feeding spikes occur during the cycle) (Summerfelt et al., 2009) in the water; this necessitates a longer contact time to destroy particulates, which can lead to production of more dangerous O3 byproducts as the concentration increases. At the same time, suspended solids generate mechanical issues in both of the equipments cited, which can lead to the need for
repairs and, thus, additional costs, as reported in the present study. Therefore, suspended solids extraction from the system has to be rapid and with as little breakdown as possible, by not treating them harshly (McMillan et al., 2003; Summerfelt et al., 2001). Further
research should be targeted at improving their removal using different kinds and combinations of methods; nevertheless, this will need to be at a commercial scale. However, any combination of
the components must be suitable for the farmed fish species and their particular water quality requirements, as well as in accordance with the cost efficiency. A good solids removal management strategy will be necessary also to control the microbial community
of the system, thus ensuring a properly functioning biofilter.
Accordingly, this has begun to be investigated in recent years by Davidson and Summerfelt (2005), Couturier et al. (2009) and Ray et al. (2010), who showed that a “polishing unit designed specifically to remove fine particles” is needed, in order to capture up to
95% of the solids and, therefore, improve a system’s efficiency; however, in those experiments, the component’s contribution to the whole system’s performance varied, showing different results and requiring further research into the future. However, as reported by different authors, the use of micro screens drum filters seem to be a cost-effective type of solids filters in the classic range of 40–90 m filtration (Carlsen, 2008). Together with solids removal devices, biofilters constitute a non-less important and difficult device for management. A
good understanding of both biofiltering operation and maintenance requirements is essential. However, as reported by different authors and also concluded herein, one of the reasons for biofilters being difficult to manage is because investigations until now have been focused upon laboratory scale trials, whilst it has been shown that commercial scale RAS waste (more feed inputs, creating higher organic carbon concentrations) is very dissimilar to that
produced in pilot scale (Zhu and Chen, 1999; Losordo and Hobbs, 2000; Ling and Chen, 2005; Emparanza, 2009; Guedart et al., 2010, 2011). Thus, as 85% of the interviewees support, more information about the impact of organic compounds on the biofilters is needed in commercial scale systems, as there is only limited data available. Since a biofilter’s characteristics determine the main-
Suspended solids are the source of most of the water quality issues, as they have an important impact on the performance of nearly all of the other RAS components as shown by the presentstudy; therefore, their management is fundamental for the systems good performance as stated already by Han et al. (1996). A biofilter is affected directly if suspended solids are not removed efficiently from the treatment loop (e.g. Jokumsen and Svendsen, 2010); itbecomes clogged, decreasing its specific surface area (SSA)1 and, thus, the quantity and the viability of nitrifying bacteria. Moreover, as the solids concentration increases within the system, water parameters are modified and these changes are the causes of stress in both cultured fish and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (Malone and Pfeiffer, 2006; Emparanza, 2009), hampering their performance due to their susceptibility to changeable situations (Singh et al.,1999). At the same time, inadequate solids removal creates a competition between both heterotrophic and autotrophic bacteria (Satoh et al., 2000; Zhu and Chen, 2001; Leonard et al., 2002; Ling and Chen, 2005; Michaud et al., 2006), increasing ammonia levels in the water amongst other things. Apart from the biofilter, other equipment, such as ozone devices and pumps, are also influenced. Ozonation becomes less efficient as the solids concentration increases (e.g. when feeding spikes occur during the cycle) (Summerfelt et al., 2009) in the water; this necessitates a longer contact time to destroy particulates, which can lead to production of more dangerous O3 byproducts as the concentration increases. At the same time, suspended solids generate mechanical issues in both of the equipments cited, which can lead to the need forrepairs and, thus, additional costs, as reported in the present study. Therefore, suspended solids extraction from the system has to be rapid and with as little breakdown as possible, by not treating them harshly (McMillan et al., 2003; Summerfelt et al., 2001). Furtherresearch should be targeted at improving their removal using different kinds and combinations of methods; nevertheless, this will need to be at a commercial scale. However, any combination ofthe components must be suitable for the farmed fish species and their particular water quality requirements, as well as in accordance with the cost efficiency. A good solids removal management strategy will be necessary also to control the microbial communityof the system, thus ensuring a properly functioning biofilter.Accordingly, this has begun to be investigated in recent years by Davidson and Summerfelt (2005), Couturier et al. (2009) and Ray et al. (2010), who showed that a “polishing unit designed specifically to remove fine particles” is needed, in order to capture up to95% of the solids and, therefore, improve a system’s efficiency; however, in those experiments, the component’s contribution to the whole system’s performance varied, showing different results and requiring further research into the future. However, as reported by different authors, the use of micro screens drum filters seem to be a cost-effective type of solids filters in the classic range of 40–90 m filtration (Carlsen, 2008). Together with solids removal devices, biofilters constitute a non-less important and difficult device for management. Agood understanding of both biofiltering operation and maintenance requirements is essential. However, as reported by different authors and also concluded herein, one of the reasons for biofilters being difficult to manage is because investigations until now have been focused upon laboratory scale trials, whilst it has been shown that commercial scale RAS waste (more feed inputs, creating higher organic carbon concentrations) is very dissimilar to thatproduced in pilot scale (Zhu and Chen, 1999; Losordo and Hobbs, 2000; Ling and Chen, 2005; Emparanza, 2009; Guedart et al., 2010, 2011). Thus, as 85% of the interviewees support, more information about the impact of organic compounds on the biofilters is needed in commercial scale systems, as there is only limited data available. Since a biofilter’s characteristics determine the main-
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