The measured viscosity of
the nanofluid was dependent significantly on the base fluid
that was used, volume concentration, and temperature. At
low volume concentration, the calculated values of pressure
drop and pumping power were very close to those of the
base liquid (Fig. 19). Thus, it was concluded that nanofluids
can increase heat transfer rates in various heat transfer
applications. Note that no information was provided about
the stability of the nanofluids that were prepared.