Dependent variables included measures of teacher implementation, student performance of CIRC activities, and measures of reading achievement. Teacher implementation and student performance of CIRC activities were formally assessed using classroom observation. Teachers also self-evaluated their implementation of CIRC at the end of the study. Student achievement, using the Gates-MacGinitie Reading Tests and the reading subtest of the Basic Academic Skills Samples, was compared under three conditions: (1) in-service training, (2) in-service training plus classroom-based follow-up assistance, and (3) control.