explained that online learning and assessment should be considered not only in a student-centered approach but also in a teacher-center approach (e.g., management system). She emphasized that web-based assessment might assist students in taking ownership of their learning because the assessment could provide integration of learning and assessment, and also immediate and effective feedback to students. Thus, web-based assessment systems might have more potential than paper-based assessment systems in terms of access and flexibility for both students and teachers in effective and efficient management. In order to develop web-based assessment, she suggested several key decisions to be made as follows (Kibby, 2003):