A licensed massage therapist with 20 years' experience provided massage for 20 min on postoperative days 1, 2, and 3. Each
massage session was performed in a private hospital room. Participants wore their hospital gown for the session. Each session
was individualized to patient preference and expressed needs,
including location, techniques and pressure, positioning, use of
music during massage, choice from among 5 essential oils, and
dimmed lighting. Techniques were Swedish massage, acupressure,
and foot reflexology.