Impacts on development and early life history are a particular
concern [20–25] because young animals may not be as resilient to
physiological stress as juveniles or adults [21,26]. Atlantic cod
(Gadus morhua) larvae reared under ocean acidification conditions
(1800 and 4200 matm) exhibited severe to lethal tissue damage in
multiple organs; effects were more pronounced with increasing
pCO2 [26]. In addition, early exposure of estuarine fish larvae
(Menidia beryllina) to elevated pCO2 (up to ,1000 matm) reduced
survival and larval length [21]. These effects raise concern as
recruitment cohorts lay the foundation for population success.