CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYPHENOL
OXIDASE AND ANTIOXIDANTS FROM
PAWPAW (ASIMINA TRIBOLA) FRUIT
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………...1
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Pawpaw …………………………...…………………………………….4
2.1.1. Pawpaw biology …………………………...…………………4
2.1.2. Pawpaw fruit as food ………………………………………...6
2.2. Food Browning …………………………………………………………7
2.2.1. Non-enzymatic browning …………………………………….7
2.2.1.1. Maillard reaction …………………………………….…7
2.2.1.2. Ascorbic acid oxidation ...……………….…………..….8
2.2.1.3. Caramelization …………………………………………....8
2.2.2. Enzymatic browning …………………………………….…....9
2.2.2.1. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) ……………………….……9
2.2.2.2. Factors affecting PPO activity ………………………..12
2.2.2.2.1. Enzyme active site ……………………………..12
2.2.2.2.2. Prosthetic groups ………………………………12
2.2.2.2.3. pH dependence ………………………………...14
2.2.2.2.4. Temperature dependence …..………………….14
2.2.2.3. Inhibition of PPO ……………………………….…...15
2.2.2.4. Methods to characterize PPO ………………………...16
2.2.2.4.1. Colorimetry ………………………………...….16
2.2.2.4.2. Extraction …………………………………..….18
2.2.2.4.3. Assay for PPO activity .……………………....18
2.2.2.4.4. Gel filtration chromatography .……………....19
2.2.2.4.5. SDS-PAGE ……..……………………………….19
2.3. Lipid Oxidation ………………………………………………………….21
2.3.1. Mechanism of lipid oxidation ……………………………….21
2.3.2. Measurements of lipid oxidation ……...….……………….22
2.3.2.1. Peroxide method ……………………...………………24
2.3.2.2. Thiobarbituric acid method .…………………....……24
2.3.2.3. Conjugated diene method ………………………….…25
2.4. Antioxidants From Edible Plants ………………………………...……25
2.4.1. Mechanism of antioxidant action …………………….…...26
2.4.2. Extraction of antioxidants …………………………….…..26
2.4.3. Evaluation of antioxidant activity …………………….…….27
2.4.3.1. Radical-scavenging methods ……………………...….27
2.4.3.1.1. ABTS assay ……………………………………27
2.4.3.1.2. DPPH assay …………………………...……….30
2.4.3.2. Metal-chelation methods ……………………………..30
2.4.3.2.1. Phycoerythyrin assay …………………………...30
2.4.3.3. Reducing power methods …………………….……….31
2.4.3.3.1. FRAP assay ………………………….…………31
2.4.3.3.2. Copper reduction assay ……………...…………31
CHAPTER 3: EXTRACTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF
POLYPHENOL OXIDASE IN PAWPAW
(ASIMINA TRILOBA) FRUIT
3.1. Summary ………………………………………………………………32
3.2. Introduction …………………………………………………...………33
3.3. Materials and Methods ……………………………………………….35
3.3.1. Materials …………………………………………………….35
3.3.2. Crude enzyme extraction ……………………………………35
3.3.3. Enzyme purification and separation …………….….……..36
3.3.4. Electrophoresis …………………………… ………………...37
3.3.5. Assay for enzyme activity …………………………………..38
3.3.6. The pH effect ………………………………………….……..39
3.3.7. The temperature effect ……………………….……………....39
3.3.8. Enzyme kinetics …………………….……………………….40
3.4. Results and Discussion ………………………………..……….……….41
3.4.1. PPO extraction and purification ……………………………..41
3.4.2. The pH effect …………………………………………….….46
3.4.3. The temperature effect ……………………………………....49
3.4.4. Enzyme kinetics ……………….……………………….……52
3.5. Conclusions ………………………………………………………………55
CHAPTER 4: ACTIVITYAND THERMAL STABILITY OF
POLYPHENOL OXIDASE FROM DIFFERENT
GENOTYPES OF PAWPAW (ASIMINA TRILOBA) FRUIT
4.1. Summary ………………………………………………………………58
4.2. Introduction ………………………………………………………...…59
4.3. Materials and Methods ……………………………………………….61
4.3.1. Pawpaw materials ………………………………….………..61
4.3.2. Heating effect ………………………………………….……61
4.3.3. Crude enzyme extraction ………………………….…….…..62
4.3.4. Enzyme activity measurement ………………….…………..62
4.3.5. Electrophoresis ………………………………………..…….63
4.3.6. PPO quantification ……………………………………….…64
4.3.7. Colorimetric measurement ……………………………….....65
4.3.8. Statistical analysis …………………………………………..65
4.4. Results and Discussion ………………………………………………..65
4.4.1. PPO activity in crude extracts ……………………………….…65
4.4.2. PPO quantification …………….…………………………….....67
4.4.3. PPO thermal stability …………………………………………..70
4.4.4. Colorimetric measurement …………………………..…………75
4.4.5. Relationship between PPO concentrations, PPO
activity and visual color ………………………………….........83
4.5. Conclusions ……………………………………………………………83
CHAPTER 5: ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PAWPAW FRUIT
(ASIMINA TRILOBA) EXTRACT
5.1. Summary ………………………………………………………………86
5.2. Introduction ……………………………………………………..…….87
5.3. Materials and Methods ……………………………………………….88
5.3.1. Materials ………………………………………………….....88
5.3.2. Antioxidant extraction ………………………………………89
5.3.3. ABTS assay …………………………………………………89
5.3.4. Liposome oxidation assay …………………………….…….90
5.3.5. Measurement of conjugated dienes ………………………....91
5.3.6. HPLC analysis ………………………………………………91
5.4. Results and Discussion ………………………………………...……….92
5.4.1. Antioxidant activity ……………………………………….…....92
5.4.1.1. Scavenging effect on ABTS•+ ……………...…….93
5.4.1.2. Inhibition of liposome peroxidation …………….…96
5.4.2. HPLC …………………………………………………..………99
5.4.3. Relationship between antioxidant activity PPO
activity and visual color ……………………………………...101
5.5. Conclusions ……………………………………………………...……….104
CHAPTER 6: OVERALL CONCLUSIONS ………………………..………………105
REFERENCES …………………………………………………………….…………..107
VITA ………………………………………………………………….………………..127