special considerations
pediatric considerations
oral liquids available in colorful and palatable forms are preferred for administration of medications to children. Small pills may be aspirated.
pediatric doses are usually calculated based on body weight. Nurses are responsible for verrifying that the pre-scribed dose is safe.
Bitter or distasteful oral preparations will be rejected by the child. Mix the drug with a small amount (about 1 teaspoon) of a sweet-tasting substance, such as jam, applesauce, or fruit puree
Do not use honey in infants because of the risk of botulism. Offer the child juice or an ice pop after medication administation. Do not place medication in an essential food item, such as milk or formula; the child may refuse the food at a later time. Offer a "chaser" of water, juice, or a flavored ice pop after the drug.
Measure small amount of liquid medications using a plastic calibrated syringe. Amounts less than a teaspoon are impossible to measure accurately with a molded medicine cup.
Geriatric Considerations
Physiologycal changes of aging may influence how oral medications affect the client. Common changes include reduction in parotid gland secretion, causing dry mouth; delayed esophageal clearance, impairing swallowing; redution in gastric acidity and stomach peristalisi; reduced liver function, resulting in altered drug metabolism; and reduced renal function and colon motility, slowing drug excretion.
Adiminister with a full glass of water (unless restricted) to aid passage of the drug. Give client time to swallow.
Clients may have several health problems or chronic conditions that require the use of multiple drugs, often prescribed by different health care providers. Polyphatmacy creates a high risk for drug interactions and adverse reactions. assess for potential drug interactions.
The most common adverse reactions that may occur in older adults are lethargy, sedation, falls, confusion, GI upset and constipation.
When instructing clients about their medication regimen, include the client's spouse or another family member.
If possible, provide a written medication schedule for client to follow at home. Use large print in written materials of vision is impaired
Home Care Considrations
Instruct client about specific drug regimen (purpose, action, dose dosage).
When measuring liquid medications at home, clients should use kitchen measuring spoons or measuring spoons designed for medications, not eating utensil spoons that may vary in volume.