People are living longer and, in some parts of the world, healthier lives. This represents one of the crowning achievements of the last century but also a significant challenge. Longer lives must be planned for. Societal aging may affect economic growth and many other issues, including the sustainability of families, the ability of states and communities to provide resources for older citizens, and international relations. The Global Burden of Disease, a study conducted by the World Health Organization and the World Bank, with partial support from the U.S. National Institute on Aging, predicts a very large increase in disability caused by increases in age-related chronic disease in all regions of the world. In a few decades, the loss of health and life worldwide will be greater from non-communicable or chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular disease, dementia and Alzheimer’s disease, cancer, arthritis, and diabetes) than from infectious diseases, childhood diseases, and accidents. (1)
Despite the weight of scientific evidence, the significance of population aging and its global implications have yet to be fully appreciated. There is a need to raise awareness about not only global aging issues but also the importance of rigorous cross-national scientific research and policy dialogue that will help us address the challenges and opportunities of an aging world. Preparing financially for longer lives and finding ways to reduce aging-related disability should become national and global priorities. Experience shows that for nations, as for individuals, it is critical to address problems sooner rather than later. Waiting significantly increases the costs and difficulties of addressing these challenges. While global aging represents a triumph of medical, social, and economic advances over disease, it also presents tremendous challenges. (2)
Population aging strains social insurance and pension systems and challenges existing models of social support. It affects economic growth, trade, migration, disease patterns and prevalence, and fundamental assumptions about growing older. Using data from the United Nations, U.S. Census Bureau, and Statistical Office of the European Communities as well as regional surveys and scientific journals, the U.S. National Institute on Aging (NIA), with input from demographers, economists, and experts on aging, identified nine emerging trends in global aging. Together, these trends present a snapshot of challenges and opportunities that clearly show why population aging matters. (3)
1. The overall population is aging. For the first time in history, and probably for the rest of human history, people age 65 and over will outnumber children under age 5. (4)
2. Life expectancy is increasing. Most countries, including developing countries, show a steady increase in longevity over time, which raises the question of how much further life expectancy will increase. (5)
3. The number of oldest old is rising. People age 85 and over are now the fastest growing portion of many national populations. (6)
4. Non-communicable diseases are becoming a growing burden. Chronic non-communicable diseases are now the major cause of death among older people in both more developed and less developed countries. (7)
5. Some populations will shrink in the next few decades. While world population is aging at an unprecedented rate, the total population in some countries is simultaneously declining. (8)
6. Family structures are changing. As people live longer and have fewer children, family structures are transformed, leaving older people with fewer options for care. (9)
7. Patterns of work and retirement are shifting. Shrinking ratios of workers to pensioners and people spending a larger portion of their lives in retirement increasingly strain existing health and pension systems. (10)
8. Social insurance systems are evolving. As social insurance expenditures escalate, an increasing number of countries are evaluating the sustainability of these systems. (11)
9. New economic challenges are emerging. Population aging will have dramatic effects on social entitlement programs, labor supply, trade, and savings around the globe and may demand new fiscal approaches to accommodate a changing world. (12)
Some governments have begun to plan for the long term, but most have not. The window of opportunity for reform is closing fast as the pace of population aging accelerates. While Europe currently has four people of working age for every older person, it will have only two workers per older person by 2050. In some countries the share of gross domestic product devoted to social insurance for older people is expected to more than double in upcoming years. Countries therefore have only a few years to intensify efforts before demographic effects come to bear. (13)
Source: Retrieved April 18, 2011 from http://www.nia.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/9E91407E-CFE8-4903-9875-D5AA75BD1D50/0/WPAM.pdf
Task 4: Questions
Write your answer on the worksheet. ส่งงานโดยใช้ attach worksheet เท่านั้น จะไม่ตรวจงานหากทำผิดคำสั่ง
Part 1: Answer the questions by choosing numbers of the correct answers.
1. Which of the following is NOT given as an example of chronic disease in the passage?
1. cardiovascular disease
2. cancer and arthritis
3. childhood diseases
4. diabetes
2. Which of the following is NOT one of the nine trends the writer describes as support for his/her argument regarding the aging society?
1. Senior citizens will have to earn their living.
2. The average human’s lifespan is getting longer.
3. The world’s economic structure is changing.
4. Older citizens will die of chronic non-communicable diseases.
3. What proportion of people of working age per older persons is predicted in the report?
1. 1:1
2. 2:1
3. 3:1
4. 4:1
4. What does ‘most’ in the last paragraph refer to?
1. economic challenges
2. fiscal approaches
3. developed countries
4. governments
5. What is a good title for this passage?
1. An Opportunity for Older Generation
2. Aging and Population Decline
3. A Change in Social Structure
4. Why Population Aging Matters
6. What is likely to be the main purpose of the writer?
1. To tell readers the facts about the aging society.
2. To give his/her opinion on the trends regarding aging society.
3. To raise awareness about the effects of population aging.
4. To report on the research carried out on population aging.
7. In which paragraph does the writer use a metaphor to imply that we have to tackle this
problem urgently before it is too late because the time is running out?
1. Paragraph 1
2. Paragraph 3
3. Paragraph 10
4. Paragraph 13
Part 2: Complete the following sentences with the information from the reading passage.
8. Two phrases the writer uses to refer to ‘the situation where the age average of the people in many countries is increasing’ are as follows: ________________________________ and________________________.
9. The ‘scientific evidence’ in paragraph 2 refers to_____________________________
คนอาศัยอยู่อีกต่อไป และ ในบางส่วนของโลก ชีวิตที่มีสุขภาพดี นี้แทนหนึ่งของความสำเร็จที่เด่นที่สุดของศตวรรษที่ผ่านมา แต่ความท้าทายที่สำคัญ ชีวิตอีกต่อไปต้องมีการวางแผนสำหรับ อายุนิยมอาจมีผลต่อการเติบโตทางเศรษฐกิจและอื่น ๆ จากหลาย รวมทั้งความยั่งยืนของครอบครัว ความสามารถของอเมริกาและชุมชนเพื่อให้ข้อมูลประชาชนเก่า และความสัมพันธ์ระหว่างประเทศ โลกภาระของโรค การศึกษาที่ดำเนินการ โดยองค์การอนามัยโลกและธนาคารโลก ด้วยการสนับสนุนบางส่วนจาก สถาบันแห่งชาติสหรัฐฯ ในอายุ ทำนายการเพิ่มขึ้นมากในความพิการที่เกิดจากการเพิ่มขึ้นที่เกี่ยวข้องกับอายุโรคเรื้อรังในทุกภูมิภาคของโลก ในไม่กี่ทศวรรษ สูญเสียสุขภาพและชีวิตทั่วโลกจะมากขึ้นจากไม่ communicable หรือเรื้อรังโรค (เช่น โรคหัวใจและหลอดเลือด สมองเสื่อม และโรคอัลไซเมอร์ โรคมะเร็ง โรคไขข้อ และโรคเบาหวาน) มากกว่าจากโรคติดเชื้อ โรคเด็ก และอุบัติเหตุ (1)Despite the weight of scientific evidence, the significance of population aging and its global implications have yet to be fully appreciated. There is a need to raise awareness about not only global aging issues but also the importance of rigorous cross-national scientific research and policy dialogue that will help us address the challenges and opportunities of an aging world. Preparing financially for longer lives and finding ways to reduce aging-related disability should become national and global priorities. Experience shows that for nations, as for individuals, it is critical to address problems sooner rather than later. Waiting significantly increases the costs and difficulties of addressing these challenges. While global aging represents a triumph of medical, social, and economic advances over disease, it also presents tremendous challenges. (2)Population aging strains social insurance and pension systems and challenges existing models of social support. It affects economic growth, trade, migration, disease patterns and prevalence, and fundamental assumptions about growing older. Using data from the United Nations, U.S. Census Bureau, and Statistical Office of the European Communities as well as regional surveys and scientific journals, the U.S. National Institute on Aging (NIA), with input from demographers, economists, and experts on aging, identified nine emerging trends in global aging. Together, these trends present a snapshot of challenges and opportunities that clearly show why population aging matters. (3)1. The overall population is aging. For the first time in history, and probably for the rest of human history, people age 65 and over will outnumber children under age 5. (4)2. Life expectancy is increasing. Most countries, including developing countries, show a steady increase in longevity over time, which raises the question of how much further life expectancy will increase. (5)3. The number of oldest old is rising. People age 85 and over are now the fastest growing portion of many national populations. (6)4. Non-communicable diseases are becoming a growing burden. Chronic non-communicable diseases are now the major cause of death among older people in both more developed and less developed countries. (7)5. Some populations will shrink in the next few decades. While world population is aging at an unprecedented rate, the total population in some countries is simultaneously declining. (8)6. Family structures are changing. As people live longer and have fewer children, family structures are transformed, leaving older people with fewer options for care. (9)7. Patterns of work and retirement are shifting. Shrinking ratios of workers to pensioners and people spending a larger portion of their lives in retirement increasingly strain existing health and pension systems. (10)8. Social insurance systems are evolving. As social insurance expenditures escalate, an increasing number of countries are evaluating the sustainability of these systems. (11)9. ใหม่ความท้าทายทางเศรษฐกิจเกิดขึ้นใหม่ อายุประชากรจะมีผลอย่างมากกับโปรแกรมสิทธิประโยชน์ทางสังคม จัดหาแรงงาน การค้า และประหยัดทั่วโลก และอาจเรียกร้องทางการเงินใหม่ ๆ เพื่อรองรับการเปลี่ยนแปลงโลก (12)บางรัฐบาลได้เริ่มวางแผนในระยะยาว แต่ส่วนใหญ่ไม่ได้ โอกาสในการปฏิรูปจะปิดอย่างรวดเร็วเป็นการเพิ่มความเร็วจังหวะของประชากรอายุ ในขณะที่ยุโรปปัจจุบันมีสี่คนอายุการทำงานสำหรับทุกคนเก่า มันจะมีเพียงสองคนต่อผู้สูงอายุภายในปี 2050 ในบางประเทศที่สัดส่วนของผลิตภัณฑ์มวลรวมภายในประเทศเพื่อรองรับการประกันสังคมสำหรับคนสูงอายุคาดว่ามากกว่าสองเท่าในปีที่เกิดขึ้น ประเทศจึงมีเพียงไม่กี่ปีเพื่อกระชับความพยายามก่อนผลประชากรมาหมี (13)ที่มา: 18 เมษายน 2011 ที่ดึงข้อมูลมาจาก http://www.nia.nih.gov/NR/rdonlyres/9E91407E-CFE8-4903-9875-D5AA75BD1D50/0/WPAM.pdf งาน 4: คำถามเขียนคำตอบของคุณบนแผ่นงาน ส่งงานโดยใช้แนบแผ่นเท่านั้นจะไม่ตรวจงานหากทำผิดคำสั่ง ส่วนที่ 1: การตอบคำถาม โดยการเลือกหมายเลขของคำตอบที่ถูกต้อง 1. ซึ่งต่อไปนี้ไม่ได้ถูกกำหนดเป็นตัวอย่างของโรคเรื้อรังในเส้นทางหรือไม่1. โรค2. โรคมะเร็งและโรคไขข้ออักเสบ 3. วัยเด็กโรค 4. โรคเบาหวาน 2. ซึ่งต่อไปนี้ไม่ใช่แนวโน้ม 9 ที่ผู้เขียนอธิบายเป็นสนับสนุนอาร์กิวเมนต์ของเขา/เธอเกี่ยวกับสังคมอายุ1. Senior citizens will have to earn their living. 2. The average human’s lifespan is getting longer. 3. The world’s economic structure is changing.4. Older citizens will die of chronic non-communicable diseases.3. What proportion of people of working age per older persons is predicted in the report? 1. 1:1 2. 2:1 3. 3:1 4. 4:1 4. What does ‘most’ in the last paragraph refer to? 1. economic challenges 2. fiscal approaches 3. developed countries 4. governments5. What is a good title for this passage?1. An Opportunity for Older Generation2. Aging and Population Decline3. A Change in Social Structure4. Why Population Aging Matters6. What is likely to be the main purpose of the writer?1. To tell readers the facts about the aging society.2. To give his/her opinion on the trends regarding aging society.3. To raise awareness about the effects of population aging.4. To report on the research carried out on population aging.7. In which paragraph does the writer use a metaphor to imply that we have to tackle this problem urgently before it is too late because the time is running out? 1. Paragraph 1 2. Paragraph 3 3. Paragraph 10 4. Paragraph 13Part 2: Complete the following sentences with the information from the reading passage. 8. Two phrases the writer uses to refer to ‘the situation where the age average of the people in many countries is increasing’ are as follows: ________________________________ and________________________.9. The ‘scientific evidence’ in paragraph 2 refers to_____________________________
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