where Dri is the road density of road class r in LSOA i, lri the length of road class r in LSOA i (m) and Ai the area of LSOA i (m2). We used the ITN to define the road geometry and, following visual inspection of the spatial distribution, reclassified road types into major roads (motorways and A-roads) and minor roads (B-roads, minor roads and all other roads). A-roads connect areas of regional importance, B-roads connect places of local significance and minor roads are local roads intended for local traffic (Ordnance Survey (OS), 2010). To account for traffic composition on roads we calculated vehicle kilometres for total and heavy vehicles only within each LSOA as follows:
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