The procedure was identical to that used in Experiment 1, except
that there were two additional groups learning with authorgenerated
pictures. Students in the author-generated picture
condition were instructed to read the text and additionally to look
at pictures representing the main ideas of each text paragraph. Students
in the drawing + author-generated picture version of the
booklet were instructed to read the text, to draw pictures for each
text paragraph using the drawing prompt representing the main
ideas of each text paragraph, and finally to compare their picture
with an author-generated picture representing main ideas of each
paragraph correctly. Students in all groups learned at their own pace,
whereby individual learning time was measured by the instructors
in the classrooms. Again, to ensure that students’ in both drawing
groups did not feel rushed when students in the non-drawing