defined transformational leadership as a set of behaviors
including idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and
individualized consideration that transform followers’ needs and expectations to
a higher level. Transactional leadership tends to be based on an exchange process in
which the leader gives specified rewards in exchange for the follower’s efforts (Burns,
1978). In contrast, transformational leaders move beyond the transactions and focus
on raising the level of motivation and morality in both leader and the follower (Bass,
1985). Research on transformational leadership attempts to approach transformational
leadership as a social process by emphasizing on how leaders stimulate their followers
to transcend their own self-interests for the sake of their team and organization