This, however, as not proven to be the case. Paul Ekman and his associates (Ekman Friesen, & O'Sullivan, 1988) asked subjects to convince an interviewer that they were experiencing happy feelings after they had watched either a pleasant or an unpleasant film. Observations of the subjects' smiles both conditions revealed striking differences in the happy smile and deceptive smile (see Figure 12-8). These data add further support to the position that there may be a direct, possibly innate link between feelings and expression.