measured again. For pain measurement, Visual Analog Scales (VAS) with 10-cm horizontal line anchored by ‘no pain’ on the left end and ‘worst pain imaginable’ on the right end(21) was used. The patient reflected their magnitude of pain with a mark on the line. For AROM measurement, flexion direction was measured representing back muscle extensibility. By which, Modified-modified Schober technique (MMST), tape method(22) was used. Briefly, the starting position of measurement was in standing with hips and knees in neutral position; the distance between feet equals to shoulder’s width. The measuring tape was aligned from baseline landmark (at the midpoint between both sides of PSIS) to 15 cm above the baseline landmark. The patients then moved both hands down as far as possible while keeping knees extended. The measurement researcher recorded the new distance between two landmarks in full flexion and then subtracted from 15 cm. The training session was provided to the measurement researcher before the study. For reliability, intra-tester reliability of the measurement researcher in AROM flexion was excellent, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3,1) of 0.997, the standard error of measurement (SEM) 0.001.