Thus, motherhood came to be regarded as every woman’s primary responsibility and paramount achievement, and the home came to be viewed as women’s “proper place.” The traditional female role, in which the woman performs housework and engages in childcare, is associated with low levels of prestige and negative values in comparison to the role of men (Riley, 2003; Bernard, 1981). Much of this results from homemakers’ dependency upon breadwinners that occurs within capitalism (Fraser and Gordon, 1994; Brines, 1994). Because women in traditional roles are excluded from the job market, they can gain access to cash-mediated markets only through the money provided to them by men. Women’s dependency is reinforced even as they become involved in paid work, due to their concentration in jobs associated with low levels of prestige and pay. The widespread participation of women in occupations emphasizing care work recreates much of their traditional role (Folbre, 2001). Furthermore, Hochscild (1997) suggests that 7 women’s and men’s concentration of time and resources in the public sphere and neglect of the private realm is evidence of the devaluation of work in the home.