Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) is a shrub belonging to the
family Moraceae and is widely distributed in tropical countries
such as Brazil, Thailand, Indonesia, India, the Philippines and
Malaysia (Chowdhury, Raman, & Mian, 1997). Due to its spontaneous
proliferation in warmer regions (specifically Brazil), it is now
cultivated throughout the Amazon region and tropical coast of Brazil,
from the states of Para down to Rio de Janeiro (Souza et al.,
2009). Jackfruit are composed of several berries of yellow pulp
and brown seeds encased in a hard shell and are rich in carbohydrates,
complex B vitamins and minerals. However, only 15–20%
of the fruit is used as food, which can be cooked, baked or roasted
on coals (Silva, Jordão Filho, Ribeiro, & Silva, 2007).
The berries are eaten fresh or processed in the form of jams,
compotes, frozen fruit pulps, juices and soft drinks. Their consistency
can be slightly hard or completely soft, hence the distinction
of two varieties popularly known as ‘‘soft jackfruit’’ and ‘‘hard jackfruit’’
(Silva et al., 2007). Jackfruit seeds are from 2 to 4 cm long,
and a fruit can contain from 100 to 500 seeds, which represent
8–15% of the total fruit weight. The seeds usually are consumed
roasted, boiled, steamed, and are eaten as a snack. However, fresh
seeds have short shelf-life. The addition of jackfruit seed flour in
the preparation of biscuits, sweets and breads has been investigated as an alternative use of this by-product (Aldana
et al., 2011; Bobbio, El-Dash, Bobbio, & Rodrigues, 1978; Mukprasit
& Sajjaanantakul, 2004).
Starch is widely distributed in various plant species as a reserve
carbohydrate and is abundant in cereal grains, legumes, tubers and
immature fruits (Lajolo & Menezes, 2006). It consists of two macromolecules:
amylose (20–30%) and amylopectin (70–80%), which
are associated with each other by hydrogen bonds (Singh, Singh,
Kaur, Sodhi, & Gill, 2003). The proportions in which these struc-
tures appear differ in relation to their botanical sources, varieties
of the same species and even within the same variety, and according
to the plant maturity level (Tester, Karkalas, & Qi, 2004).
According to Vandeputte and Delcour (2004), shape (round, ovoid,
or polyhedral), particle size (2–100
lm), and particle size distribution
(unimodal, bimodal, or trimodal) of granules are characteristic
of biological origin and are responsible for the technological properties
and industrial applications (e.g., use as a thickener, stabiliser,
or gelling agent) of starch in the food industry.
The functional properties of starch depend on the molecular
structure composition of amylose and amylopectin and how they
are arranged in starch granules, which plays an important role in
food formulations. The consistency of starch paste depends on
the gelatinisation degree and swelling power of the starch granule;
the paste texture is determined by the viscoelastic deformation
and depends on the strength of molecular bonds and amount of
broken granules. The clarity of the paste or gel can vary from clear
to opaque, and this property is related to light dispersion resulting from the association of amylose and other components present in
the starch (Karam, 2003).
The increasing demand for new products has imposed to food
industry the use of starches with characteristics such as absence
of syneresis, transparency, stability and solubility to cold, which
added to the restrictions on the use of chemically modified
starches have directed researches for new sources of native
starches with characteristics physico-chemical differentiated.
The literature provides little information about the isolation
and properties of starches from unconventional sources such as
fruit seeds. Studies on the functional properties of starch extracted
from these seeds, including jackfruit seeds, have been conducted to
verify its applicability in food, pharmaceutics and other uses and to
replace with less costs commercial sources of starch (Aldana et al.,
2011; Bello-Perez et al., 2006; Lawal & Adebowale, 2005; Mukprasit
& Sajjaanantakul, 2004). However, the jackfruit seeds could be
found in soft and hard varieties, which have direct influences in
properties of their starch. Still, climate and soil conditions, where
the jackfruit is grown, could result in different chemical composition,
consequently, have influence in functional properties (Aldana
et al., 2011; Bello-Perez et al., 2006). The present study characterised
for the first time starch extracted from two Brazilian jackfruit
seeds varieties (hard and soft), focusing in the physicochemical,
morphological and functional properties to determine its applicability
in the food industry.
Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus L.) is a shrub belonging to thefamily Moraceae and is widely distributed in tropical countriessuch as Brazil, Thailand, Indonesia, India, the Philippines andMalaysia (Chowdhury, Raman, & Mian, 1997). Due to its spontaneousproliferation in warmer regions (specifically Brazil), it is nowcultivated throughout the Amazon region and tropical coast of Brazil,from the states of Para down to Rio de Janeiro (Souza et al.,2009). Jackfruit are composed of several berries of yellow pulpand brown seeds encased in a hard shell and are rich in carbohydrates,complex B vitamins and minerals. However, only 15–20%of the fruit is used as food, which can be cooked, baked or roastedon coals (Silva, Jordão Filho, Ribeiro, & Silva, 2007).The berries are eaten fresh or processed in the form of jams,compotes, frozen fruit pulps, juices and soft drinks. Their consistencycan be slightly hard or completely soft, hence the distinctionof two varieties popularly known as ‘‘soft jackfruit’’ and ‘‘hard jackfruit’’(Silva et al., 2007). Jackfruit seeds are from 2 to 4 cm long,and a fruit can contain from 100 to 500 seeds, which represent8–15% of the total fruit weight. The seeds usually are consumedroasted, boiled, steamed, and are eaten as a snack. However, freshseeds have short shelf-life. The addition of jackfruit seed flour inthe preparation of biscuits, sweets and breads has been investigated as an alternative use of this by-product (Aldanaet al., 2011; Bobbio, El-Dash, Bobbio, & Rodrigues, 1978; Mukprasit& Sajjaanantakul, 2004).Starch is widely distributed in various plant species as a reservecarbohydrate and is abundant in cereal grains, legumes, tubers andimmature fruits (Lajolo & Menezes, 2006). It consists of two macromolecules:amylose (20–30%) and amylopectin (70–80%), whichare associated with each other by hydrogen bonds (Singh, Singh,Kaur, Sodhi, & Gill, 2003). The proportions in which these struc-tures appear differ in relation to their botanical sources, varietiesof the same species and even within the same variety, and accordingto the plant maturity level (Tester, Karkalas, & Qi, 2004).According to Vandeputte and Delcour (2004), shape (round, ovoid,or polyhedral), particle size (2–100lm), and particle size distribution(unimodal, bimodal, or trimodal) of granules are characteristicof biological origin and are responsible for the technological propertiesand industrial applications (e.g., use as a thickener, stabiliser,or gelling agent) of starch in the food industry.The functional properties of starch depend on the molecularstructure composition of amylose and amylopectin and how theyare arranged in starch granules, which plays an important role infood formulations. The consistency of starch paste depends onthe gelatinisation degree and swelling power of the starch granule;the paste texture is determined by the viscoelastic deformationand depends on the strength of molecular bonds and amount ofbroken granules. The clarity of the paste or gel can vary from clearto opaque, and this property is related to light dispersion resulting from the association of amylose and other components present inthe starch (Karam, 2003).The increasing demand for new products has imposed to foodindustry the use of starches with characteristics such as absenceof syneresis, transparency, stability and solubility to cold, whichadded to the restrictions on the use of chemically modifiedstarches have directed researches for new sources of nativestarches with characteristics physico-chemical differentiated.The literature provides little information about the isolationand properties of starches from unconventional sources such asfruit seeds. Studies on the functional properties of starch extractedfrom these seeds, including jackfruit seeds, have been conducted toverify its applicability in food, pharmaceutics and other uses and toreplace with less costs commercial sources of starch (Aldana et al.,2011; Bello-Perez et al., 2006; Lawal & Adebowale, 2005; Mukprasit& Sajjaanantakul, 2004). However, the jackfruit seeds could befound in soft and hard varieties, which have direct influences inproperties of their starch. Still, climate and soil conditions, wherethe jackfruit is grown, could result in different chemical composition,consequently, have influence in functional properties (Aldanaet al., 2011; Bello-Perez et al., 2006). The present study characterised
for the first time starch extracted from two Brazilian jackfruit
seeds varieties (hard and soft), focusing in the physicochemical,
morphological and functional properties to determine its applicability
in the food industry.
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