studies have revealed that playing violent video
games is a causal risk factor for increased aggression [10–12]. It
should be noted, however, that there is other research showing no
evidence that engagement with violent video games leads to
increases in aggression or reductions in prosocial behaviour [13–
16], warranting the need for further research in this area. On
balance however, evidence from meta-analyses confirm that
exposure to violent video games increases aggressive cognitions,
aggressive affect and aggressive behaviour, and decreases empathy
and prosocial behaviour [17,18].
Much of the research that has provided evidence to indicate the
negative effects of violent video games has utilised the General
Aggression Model (GAM) [19]