Hospital pharmacies have adopted various technologies since the 1960s to improve efficiency, effectiveness (primarily by decreasing the potential for error), and work satisfaction. A favorable byproduct of such technology includes the opportunity to advance clinical practice.
Early technologies included computer-based pharmacy information systems (PISs), which today serve as the core of medication use automation. The PIS functions as the repository for patient- specific medication information. Early versions performed calculations, produced patient-specific and drug-specific labels, performed basic checking functions (e.g., drug allergies, drug–drug interactions, dose errors), and generated drug-related charges. After the general acceptance of PISs, a variety of other sophisticated technologies followed, including robotic cart fill, automated unit-based cabinets, and, more recently, robotic preparation of sterile products. Expansion of the core software, either integrated into or interfaced to the prescribing arena, provides the basis for computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE), including clinical decision support. Expansion of the core software to the administration arena provides the basis for the electronic medication administration record and bar-code assisted medication administration.BCMA creates the opportunity to confirm a medication profile-based match between the patient and the patient’s medication before administration.These technologies are used in almost every component of the medication-use process, including prescribing, preparation and dispensing, administration, and monitoring. The delivery component of the medication-use process depends heavily on the human element unless a hospital has a functional pneumatic tube system. However, many hospitals lack pneumatic tube systems, and many systems need constant maintnance and updating to meet expecta- tions in reliability and speed. The origin and development of the robotic delivery system in health care have been reviewed recently.6 Automation of the delivery component allows for the completion of a medication cycle, from “loading dock to bedside,” without human intervention.
ร้านขายยาโรงพยาบาลได้นำเทคโนโลยีต่าง ๆ ตั้งแต่ปี 1960 เพื่อปรับปรุงประสิทธิภาพ ประสิทธิผล (หลัก โดยลดโอกาสที่ผิดพลาด), และการทำงานความพึงพอใจ จิตสำนึกที่ดีของเทคโนโลยีดังกล่าวมีโอกาสก้าวหน้าคลินิกEarly technologies included computer-based pharmacy information systems (PISs), which today serve as the core of medication use automation. The PIS functions as the repository for patient- specific medication information. Early versions performed calculations, produced patient-specific and drug-specific labels, performed basic checking functions (e.g., drug allergies, drug–drug interactions, dose errors), and generated drug-related charges. After the general acceptance of PISs, a variety of other sophisticated technologies followed, including robotic cart fill, automated unit-based cabinets, and, more recently, robotic preparation of sterile products. Expansion of the core software, either integrated into or interfaced to the prescribing arena, provides the basis for computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE), including clinical decision support. Expansion of the core software to the administration arena provides the basis for the electronic medication administration record and bar-code assisted medication administration.BCMA creates the opportunity to confirm a medication profile-based match between the patient and the patient’s medication before administration.These technologies are used in almost every component of the medication-use process, including prescribing, preparation and dispensing, administration, and monitoring. The delivery component of the medication-use process depends heavily on the human element unless a hospital has a functional pneumatic tube system. However, many hospitals lack pneumatic tube systems, and many systems need constant maintnance and updating to meet expecta- tions in reliability and speed. The origin and development of the robotic delivery system in health care have been reviewed recently.6 Automation of the delivery component allows for the completion of a medication cycle, from “loading dock to bedside,” without human intervention.
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