The left-hand side of the equation, given as real GDP capita (delta = percent), is equal to or approximate to the sum of the average growth in each of the given components on the right. Central to growth of GDP capita is the demographic factor, which measures the size of the available labour force of working age (15-74) (Glabicka, 2005) as a percentage of the total population. A larger labour force actively engaged in the production of goods and services will lead to a larger volume of GDP output. Oppositely, a greater proportion of the population of non-working age decreases the proportion of the labour force and thus leads to lower output. Demographic shifts, such as the effects of migration and emigration can both positively and negatively impact the size of the labour force and output volume.