Table 2 summarizes results for five natural experiments
and six field studies. Natural experiments examine tax
reductions on beer and wine (Hong Kong), spirits
(Sweden, Switzerland), and all beverages (Finland). Tax
reductions range from 100% in Hong Kong to about
30-50% in Nordic countries. A study for Finland by
Helakorpi and colleagues [91] finds mixed effects on
binge drinking, while four other studies report null effects
on binge drinking and heavy drinking more generally. In
contrast to economic studies, natural experiments contain
fewer control variables and do not directly account for
price or tax levels.