Food samples from the China market were divided into 3 categories: half-cooked meats, including doughy pork, beef, chicken and mutton; cooked meats, including sauced beef, chaudfroid, lamb shashlik, rolled meat, cooked bacon and ham, etc; further processed foods, which refer to foods contained
crushed meat ingredients and subjected to reiterative heat treatment, including dried meat floss, fried meat flakes, ham sausage, etc. Each sample was labeled one or two of the target meat species as the raw material.