Research on the role of DA in WM improvement is still in itsinfancy. In this concluding section, we delineate several lines for future research that should be worth pursuing. The first of the sedeals with the issue of transfer of learning. Dahlin et al. (2008a,b)and Bäckman et al. (2011) observed transfer from letter-memory training to n-back in younger adults. As noted, although both the setasks tax updating, they differ on numerous dimensions, including memorial content, set size, task pacing, response format, and brain activation patterns prior to training. Thus, the training may have strengthened a general updating skill. Dahlin et al. (2008b) identified a neural correlate of this transfer effect: overlapping caudate BOLD activity for letter memory and n-back before training, and increased activity in the same region for both tasks post training