Carbon dioxide successfully induced stage-4 anesthesia in allfive marine fish species (Table 1). For red drum, flounder, pompano,and silverside, the original concentration was sufficient to reachstage-4 anesthesia in <10 min. Snook, however, did not reach stage-4 at this concentration, but they did reach stage-4 when the carbondioxide concentration was doubled. Juvenile flounder, unlike adultflounder, did not reach stage-4 anesthesia within 10 min in eitherthe original or the doubled carbon dioxide concentration. Only oneof 96 anesthetized fish, a larval red drum, did not survive the anesthetizationprocess, whereas, all individuals that we were able tomonitor after recovery of equilibrium resumed pre-test behavior(schooling and feeding) in less than 24 h (n = 22 red drum, n = 29snook). We tested fish sequentially in the same anesthetizationbath and there was no effect of the order in which a fish wastested on induction or recovery time after correcting for fish size(r = −0.13, P = 0.23 for induction time, r = 0.02, P = 0.88 for recoverytime).There was a strong linear relationship between the logarithmof induction time and both logarithm of TL andlogarithm of WM when all species were combined, suchthat log induction time = 0.65 × log10(TL) − 0.51 or log inductiontime = 0.22 × log10(WM) − 0.08 (R2 = 0.69, P < 0.0005, Fig. 1a for TL;R2 = 0.69, P < 0.0005, Fig. 1b for mass). Expressed another way,induction time is proportionalto TL0.65 and toWM0.22. Mean inductiontime for the smallest fish, larval red drum, was 17 s, while adultred drum averaged 3.11 min. Neither log TL nor log WM were significantlyrelated to the logarithm of recovery time for all speciescombined (R2 = 0.04, P = 0.07, Fig. 1c for TL; R2 = 0.04, P = 0.07, Fig. 1dfor mass).Species differed in both induction time and recovery time afteraccounting for differences in body size. Total length residuals for
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