A number of studies have investigated in-training strategies for improving transfer, with little or mixed success. T.C. Brown (2005) ex-amined goal setting at the end of training by comparing three conditions: setting distal goals, setting proximal plus distal goals, and telling participants to do their best. Contrary to expec-tations, participants instructed to do their best out-performed trainees told to set distal goals, and did as well as participants told to set prox-imal plus distal goals. In contrast, Richman-Hirsch (2001) reported positive effects for a posttraining goal-setting intervention, par-ticularly in supportive work environments.