Here, typical pulse lengths of 10–400 µs are used with pulse frequencies in the
range of 50–500 Hz, yield a duty cycle around 0.5–5% at instantaneous power densities larger than 1 kW/cm2 . At these greatly enhanced power densities, ionization of sputtered atoms occurs much more frequently than in conventional magnetron sputtering, thus increasing the fraction of ionized sputter material and reducing the necessary amount of sputter gas .