RESULTSCategorizing the Range of Instructor Practices andStudent Experiences across STEM CoursesAt the beginning of this project, we hypothesized that UM facultymembers would likely fit into two general groups: thosewho present material for the majority of the class period andthose who use a variety of active-engagement approachesand present material relatively infrequently. To examine ourhypothesis, we compared the collapsed COPUS instructorcodes across all 51 STEM courses (Figure 1). We found thatfaculty cannot simply be divided into two groups; insteadwe observed a continuum from 2 to 98% presenting. Whilewe cannot rule out self-selection effects impacting the datacollected, 74% of the faculty members originally contacted were observed, suggesting that our findings would be onlyminimally different had data from the remaining facultymembers been collected.Given the large range of instructor teaching practicesacross the various courses, we divided the courses intofour quadrants based on the percentage of presenting codes(quadrant I: 0–25%; quadrant II: 26–50%; quadrant III: 51–75%; and quadrant IV: 76–100%; Figure 1). We chose to dividethe data into quadrants so we could compare characteristicsof courses with different levels of presentation. Wethen constructed pie charts of the instructor and student behaviorsfor all 25 individual COPUS codes across these fourquadrants (Figures 2 and 3).As expected, the instructor presenting codes (Figure 2,shown in shades of blue) increased from quadrant I to quadrantIV. We find that lecture (Lec) and real-time writing(RtW) make up the largest fraction of the presenting codesin all four quadrants. Conversely, the instructor guidingcodes (shown in shades of green) decrease across the fourquadrants. Notably, the codes moving and guiding (MG),which describes the instructor moving through the classroom,and one-on-one (1o1), which describes an instructorhaving an extended discussion with one or a small group ofstudents, make up a large portion of the codes in quadrantI but account for <1% of the codes in quadrants III and IV.We also explored the range of student experiences inclasses that make up these four quadrants by examiningthe individual COPUS codes for student behaviors(Figure 3). On average, students who attend classes in quadrant I spend the majority of the time working eitherindividually or in groups (shown in shades of purple). Asthe student receiving code increases (gray), the time studentsspend working either individually or in groups decreasesuntil it is nonexistent in quadrant IV. Interestingly,codes collapsed into the Students Talking to Class category(shown in shades of red), which includes students askingand answering questions (codes SQ and AnQ), are presentin all four quadrants. This result suggests that even studentsin classes in which presenting (P) is common are asking and
answering questions.
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