Each patient was evaluated for cardiovascular failure (systolic blood pressure being ≤ 90 mm Hg or requiring vasopressor support), central nervous system failure (Glasgow coma score ≤ 12), coagulation failure (platelet count ≤ 80 × 109/L), hepatic failure (bilirubin ≥ 2 mg/dL), and renal failure (serum creatinine ≥ 2 mg/dL or 25% rise from the baseline).